**************************************** Hòa giải, hòa hợp… bây giờ hay bao giờ?
2010-05-05 Hòa giải, hòa hợp đã được nhắc đi nhắc lại năm này qua năm khác. Phải chăng sau 35 năm dài, hòa giải, hòa hợp đã trở thành niềm mong mỏi thực sự của rất nhiều người dân Việt? Hòa hợp, hòa giải-niềm khát khao của rất nhiều ngườiNgày 30.4 năm nay, nếu để ý chúng ta sẽ thấy từ báo chí trong nước cho đến ngoài nước, các diễn đàn độc lập, các trang blog cá nhân…những chữ “hòa giải, hòa hợp” xuất hiện khá nhiều. Báo chí của Nhà Nước như Vietnamnet thực hiện cả một loạt bài về chủ đề này. Báo chí ở bên ngoài nước như BBC, RFA, RFI, VOA… các diễn đàn độc lập như Talawas, Đàn chim việt, Dân luận, X-café, Đối thoại…đều có bài.
Trên các trang blog, là hàng loạt bài viết từ những người thuộc thế hệ U90, hơn một nửa đời người đi theo đảng trước khi nhận ra sai lầm như nhạc sĩ Tô Hải, nhà báo Bùi Tín; cho đến văn nghệ sĩ, trí thức thuộc thế hệ sinh ra và lớn lên trong chiến tranh ở cả hai phía như nhà báo Ngô Nhân Dụng, nhà phê bình lý luận văn học Nguyễn Hưng Quốc, nhà thơ Trần Trung Đạo… đang sống ở nước ngoài, nhà thơ Nguyễn Trọng Tạo, nhà văn Dạ Ngân, nhà văn Nguyễn Quang Thân, nhà báo Trương Duy Nhất…đang sống ở trong nước, vả cả những blogger mới ngoài 30, 20 chỉ biết về cuộc chiến tranh này qua sách vở như Mr. Do, mẹ Nấm, Ngô Minh Trí… Khái niệm “hòa giải, hòa hợp” không phải đến bây giờ mới được đề cập đến. Thậm chí vài năm gần đây, cứ vào ngày 30.4, người ta lại loáng thoáng nói đến điều đó, ở cả bên này lẫn bên kia. Nhưng dường như chưa bao giờ chủ đề “hòa giải, hòa hợp” lại được nhắc đến nhiều như vậy. Phải chăng sau 35 năm dài, hòa giải, hòa hợp đã trở thành niềm mong mỏi thực sự của rất nhiều người dân Việt? Hòa giải, hòa hợp-vì sao lại khó khăn đến thế?Nhưng vì sao lại khó khăn đến thế? Vì sao sau 35 năm cay đắng vẫn chưa thể nguôi? Nhà thơ Nguyễn Trọng Tạo than thờ trong bài “Đừng thêm những tháng Tư”: “Sao  Chủ tịch nước Nguyễn Minh Triết gặp gỡ và chúc Tết cùng các Việt Kiều. người Việt hận thù nhau vẫn còn ghê gớm thế. Tôi đọc trên báo, trên mạng thấy chả ai chịu ai, chả cờ nào chịu cờ nào. Cờ đỏ sao vàng bay khắp cùng nước Việt. Cờ vàng ba sọc phấp phới quận Cam... Một đoàn người hô "đả đảo Việt cộng, đả đảo cộng sản". Dân ta sao cứ đả đảo dân ta? Và cả một chiến sách "chống diễn biến hòa bình" không mệt mỏi. Hòa bình ai chả muốn. Vậy mà lâu nay tôi vẫn không hiểu tại sao lại "chống diễn biến hòa bình"? Có từ gì hay hơn, rõ hơn không”. Blogger Thanh Chung, một người phụ nữ Việt đang làm việc cho tổ chức Quĩ nhi đồng Liên hiệp quốc (UNICEP) tại New York thì tự hỏi: Sẽ cần thêm bao nhiêu thời gian Để Ba mươi tháng tư thôi là ngày “Quốc hận”? Sẽ cần thêm bao nhiêu tháng năm Để “Quốc giỗ” cho những người tử trận Không phân biệt thắng - thua, được - mất.
Vì sao sau 35 năm, nhà nước Việt Nam đã bình thường hóa quan hệ với Mỹ, đã hợp tác với chính quyền Mỹ trên nhiều lĩnh vực, vậy mà với đồng bào cùng máu mủ ruột thịt một thời ở phía bên kia chiến tuyến họ lại chưa làm được điều đó? Câu hỏi đó cũng là nỗi day dứt của không ít người. Nhà thơ Nguyễn Trọng Tạo nhắc lại tâm sự của cố Thủ tướng Võ Văn Kiệt, người đã từng có một câu nói về ngày 30.4 mà ít người ở cương vị ông vào thời điểm đó nói được như vậy: “Đó là ngày có hàng triệu người vui nhưng cũng có hàng triệu người buồn”: Trước khi qua đời, ông Võ Văn Kiệt đã rất đau đớn mà thốt lên: "Ba mươi năm rồi, mà sao dân tộc này vẫn chưa hòa giải đươc?". Câu nói đó cũng là một thú nhận sự bất lực của ông, vì ông từng là Thủ tướng nước này. Nhưng, đó là một lời than có thể chia sẻ được nếu ta vì dân tộc muốn thu về một mối.” Tôi chia sẻ với ông vì tôi đã từng nghĩ: Một dân tộc mà lũ trẻ không biết mơ mộng và người già không biết sám hối, đó là một dân tộc bất hạnh. Hãy trân trọng sự sám hối.”
Nguyên nhân gầnKhi đã đặt được câu hỏi, cũng là khi con người nhận ra câu trả lời nằm ở đâu. Nguyên nhân ở cả hai phía nhưng trách nhiệm trước hết thuộc về nhà nước Việt Nam, những người thuộc phe chiến thắng và đang nắm cả giang sơn đất nước trong tay, những người ở vào cái thể dễ dàng hơn và có điểu kiện hơn để tiến hành sự hòa giải nếu họ thực tâm muốn. Nhưng nói thì dễ mà làm thì khó. Không ít người tuy vẫn nói đến sự hòa hợp nhưng ngay sau đó trong cách dùng từ, cách suy nghĩ đã không thể thoát ra khỏi sự ám ảnh của quá khứ, của tư duy phân biệt phe này với phe kia, sự thắng-thua…đã ăn sâu vào tiềm thức. Blogger Mr. Do, thuộc thế hệ sinh ra sau chiến tranh đã nhận xét về bài trả lời phỏng vấn của nhà ngoại giao hưu trí Võ Văn Sung trên Tuần Việtnam: “Giờ thì ông ngồi đây và nói chuyện hòa giải. Tôi hiểu những con người như ông, đã một đời chiêm nghiệm, ý thức được hòa giải dân tộc là lớn lao đến nhường nào, cần thiết đến nhường nào. Nhưng sau chừng ấy năm tháng, dường như ông vẫn chưa thoát ra khỏi quán tính địch-ta. Ông nói: "Chúng ta biết rằng vào thời điểm cuối tháng 4/1975 nếu Nguyễn Văn Thiệu và bè lũ còn nắm quyền và thực hiện "tử thủ" như ở Xuân Lộc thì chắc chắn ta không có một Sài Gòn giải phóng còn nguyên vẹn và chắc chắn phải hy sinh nhiều sinh mạng hơn." "Bè lũ" là một cách diễn đạt chẳng hề có lợi cho hòa giải chút nào. Cũng như, có khiên cưỡng lắm không khi bàn đến hòa giải mà vẫn nhấn nhá những "đại thắng" với lại "giải phóng"? (Hãy cẩn thận với từng lời nói của anh, vì mỗi một ngôn từ anh dùng có thể làm tôi tổn thương và giận dữ).” Trong khi đó, một nhà ngoại giao, một chính trị gia khác của Việt Nam, ông Nguyễn Dy Niên, nguyên Bộ trưởng Ngoại giao Việt Nam (từ năm 2000 đến năm 2006) khi trả lời phỏng vấn của báo Pháp Luật đã nói: “30-4, đừng làm người ta đau thêm nữa. Người chiến thắng dẫu sung sướng, nhưng cũng phải nhìn thấy nỗi đau của những bà mẹ mất con", và khi đánh giá lại những việc đã qua, đã phải thừa nhận: “Ngày ấy (năm 1975) chúng ta đã thực hiện những chính sách mà… đáng lẽ nếu tỉnh táo hơn, được một phần của Đổi Mới sau này thôi, thì Việt Nam bây giờ đã mạnh lắm, cường thịnh lắm...”
Ai cũng hiểu rằng hòa giải hòa hợp phải bằng việc làm cụ thể chứ không phải chỉ là những lời nói suông, mỗi năm lại thốt ra nhân dịp 30 tháng tư về. Nhưng 35 năm  Chiến tranh và Hòa bình. Ảnh minh họa Photo by Dolinh tưởng cũng đã quá dài, vậy mà ngay một việc như cách kỷ niệm ngày 30.4 vẫn không hề thay đổi. Nhà báo Xuân Bình tự hỏi “30.4 là cái gì vậy?” : “Nhiểu năm qua, trong khi cố len vào từng ngóc ngách của miền Nam tôi luôn cầu nguyện một ngày 30-4 không cờ đèn kèn trống, không tưng bừng pháo hoa, ít đi những tiếng cười rổn rảng… Một dân tộc sẽ đi tới đâu khi chỉ biết sằng sặc với quá khứ đầy đau thương của chính mình? Chẳng biết đến khi nào mới có một lương tri bật lên thành tiếng nói: một ngày mặc niệm bắt đầu!” Cho đến những việc cụ thể như một quyết định dân sự hóa nghĩa trang quân đội cũ Biên Hòa cũng mất hàng bao nhiêu năm trời, việc tổ chức những buổi cẩu siêu chung cho những người tử trận không phân biệt bên này hay bên kia, khi tuyên dương các anh hùng liệt sĩ đã ngã xuống trong trân hải chiến Trường Sa năm 1988 thì cũng đừng quên sự hy sinh của những người lính Việt Nam cộng hòa trong trận hải chiến Hoàng Sa năm 1974, và cho phép thân nhân của những người lính miền Nam được đi tìm và mang hài cốt họ về nhà như nhà nước đã làm với lính Mỹ v.v… Những việc nhỏ như vậy còn chưa làm được thì làm sao nói đến sự hòa giải, hòa hợp. Nhìn ra thế giới có biết bao nhiêu kinh nghiệm xử lý thành công vấn đề này của các nước mà chúng ta có thể học được, như cách ứng xử vô cùng trân trọng, nhân bản của quân đội miền Bắc nước Mỹ thắng trận với quân đội miền Nam thua trận trong cuộc nội chiến Mỹ cách đây 145 năm, hay kinh nghiệm của nước Đức mà tác già Hồ Thể Y kể lại trong bài “Hòa hợp hòa giải?!” đăng trên trang bauxite vietnam: “Chính sách biên chế của nước Đức (Ent – Nazifizierung) từ tháng Giêng 1946, sau Hiệp ước Postdam của tứ cường, lưu dụng hầu như toàn bộ trí thức, chuyên gia, công nhân và cả quân nhân vào guồng máy xây dựng đất nước. Tôi hiểu tại sao, sau Thế chiến thứ II hầu như toàn bộ người dân “gốc Đức” từ Đông Âu di tản sang CHLB Đức!
Lịch sử lặp lại, năm 1990 sau khi thống nhất, nước Đức thi hành Chính sách biên chế Mật vụ (EntStasifizierung), loại bỏ toàn bộ những ai đã cộng tác với Cơ quan Mật vụ – Điềm chỉ ra khỏi các Cơ quan nhà nước, ngoài ra hầu như tất cả được lưu dụng, đối xử (tương đối) công bằng! Bà Thủ tướng Angela Merkel là một thí dụ.” Chỉ sau 20 năm kể tử ngày bức tường Berlin sụp đổ, người Đức đã không còn phài bận tâm đến vấn đề hòa giải nữa, trong khi đó thì Việt Nam, 35 năm đã trôi qua, vì sao? Có tác giả đi tìm cách lý giải nằm trong tính cách của người Việt. Bài viết “Bao dung và hòa hợp- nhìn từ dân trí và hội nhập” của tác giả Nguyễn Hoàng đăng trên vietnamnet là một ví dụ, cho rằng sự khó khăn trong việc hòa giải, hòa hợp của người Việt có lẽ là do những nguyên nhân nằm trong tâm thức, trong lịch sử và văn hóa của người Việt. “Nhìn vào thực tế trong quá khứ và hiện tại, sự thiếu kết dính, tính không hợp tác của người Việt, đầu óc cục bộ địa phương đến vị kỷ, cách nhìn nhận các vấn đề xã hội đầy định kiến áp đặt chủ quan theo tư duy duy cảm (người Việt mình nghĩ bụng mà!) không thể làm cơ sở cho sự đoàn kết và phát triển, đang thể hiện khắp nơi, ở khắp các cộng đồng người Việt trong và ngoài nước.” Nguyên nhân sâu xaNguyên nhân sâu xa nhất khiến cho việc hòa giải, hòa hợp của người Việt trở nên khó khăn chính là do thực trạng xã hội chính trị của đất nước vẫn không hề thay đổi. Nhà giáo Phạm Toàn viết trong bài: “3 điều ước 30.4” đăng trên bauxite vietnam “…hòa giải và hòa hợp dân tộc trong thời đại ngày nay là việc của thực lực, không còn là việc tuyên truyền. Vấn đề đặt ra là: thế nào là cái tổ đáng cho mọi người tụ hội nhau về đó mà hòa giải và hòa hợp dân tộc? Cái tổ này phải thực sự là nơi có độc lập, tự do, hạnh phúc như ở mọi nơi con dân nước Việt đang sống và đang đòi được sống đúng với cái chuẩn mực do chính Tổ quốc Việt Nam xướng xuất từ 2 tháng 9 năm 1945. Cần phải thấy là, ngay con em những người xa xứ ít học nhất khi xưa thì nay cũng đã quen sống trong nền văn hóa độc lập thực sự, tự do và hạnh phúc thực sự.” Trong bài “ Hòa giải hòa hợp dân tộc” không phải là cái bánh béo bở để ban phát, phân chia!” đăng trên talawas, tác giả Nguyễn Hoàng Quang cũng có cùng suy nghĩ như vậy: “Nếu đất nước Việt Nam 35 năm qua có xã hội công dân bình đẳng, nhân dân có quyền tự do, dân chủ, tự do ngôn luận, tự do báo chí, có xã hội dân sự, có diễn đàn công luận xã hội không phải là tiếng nói từ một phía thì những vấn đề chưa giải trong lòng dân tộc, đất nước, hằn sâu trong mỗi tâm hồn, cuộc sống người Việt Nam có lẽ đã được hóa giải từ lâu chứ không phải muộn màng như hôm nay mới đặt ra…”.
Trả lời phỏng vấn của đài VOA, blogger, nhà thơ Trần Trung Đạo cũng nói: “…ngày nào chế độc độc tài đảng trị, dù tồn tại dưới bất cứ hình thức nào tại Việt Nam, ngày đó chuyện hòa giải chỉ là một chuyện để bàn cho có và cũng sẽ qua đi theo mỗi tháng Tư.” Nhạc sĩ Tô Hải còn gay gắt hơn, trong bài “Hòa hợp, hòa giải?Không bao giờ!Nếu…” nhạc sĩ Tô Hải vạch ra hàng loạt sai lầm, cái tội của đảng và nhà nước Việt Nam là nguyên nhân đưa đến hận thù cay đắng chưa nguôi trên đất nước này và ông mơ ước chỉ khi nào có một ngày đảng tự nhận ra: “Đảng của chúng tôi đã hoàn thành xuất sắc nhiệm vụ giải phóng dân tộc, nay trước nhiệm vụ xậy dựng đất nước, đưa cuộc cách mạng kinh tế, khoa học, xã hội và nhân văn lên tầm cao mới, chúng tôi thấy không đủ tài năng và trí tuệ. Vậy xin nhường quyền lãnh đạo đất nước cho mọi nhân tài không phân biệt chính kiến, tôn giáo, đảng phái… ra lãnh đạo đất nước bằng một cuộc tuyền cử thật sự công bằng, văn minh…” Chỉ lúc ấy, mọi giấc mơ vể hòa giải-hòa hợp mới thực sự bắt đầu.” Phải chăng, ngay chính trong hàng ngũ những người lãnh đạo cao nhất của chính quyền cũng thừa hiểu sự thật là chỉ có một sự thay đổi toàn diện, triệt để về mọi mặt chính trị, xã hội mới có thể hòa hợp kết nối lòng dân về một mối và đưa đất nước qua một ngả rẽ mới, nhưng đó lại là điều mà họ không bao giờ có thể làm được, vì sợ mất hết những gì đang có. Nên xem ra hòa giải hòa hợp vẫn là chuyện rất khó, dù đã 35 năm trôi qua cũng vậy! Nhưng dù khó khăn đến thế nào đi nữa, thì hòa giài, hòa hợp là chuyện phải làm. Đó là điều tối cần thiết, nhất là trong giai đoạn hiện nay, khi đất nước lại đang có nguy cơ đứng trước những âm mưu xâm lược kiểu mới từ nước láng giềng phương Bắc. Dân tộc này đã từng bị các nước lớn lợi dụng, xúi bẩy, cung cấp vũ khi, tiền bạc để anh em một nhà lao vào bắn giết nhau. Nếu không học được bài học lịch sử, một lần nữa, Việt Nam chúng ta hoặc sẽ không còn nguyên vẹn lãnh thổ, hoặc sẽ lại rơi vào một cuộc chiến tranh vô nghĩa khác. Lại một ngày 30.4 qua đi, đọng lại câu hỏi nhức nhối: “Hòa giải, hòa hợp-bây giờ hay bao giờ?” (Theo rfa.org/vietnamese) |
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Trích từ báo Herald Sun Úc Châu.
http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/news/?p=1053 (please click)
Today is the 35th anniversary of Saigon’s fall to the North Vietnamese army. On April 30th, 1975, the last Americans involved in the Vietnam War left Saigon in a dramatic helicopter airlift; images from this evacuation are still recognizable around the world today. To commemorate this anniversary, the Vietnam Archive has created an online exhibit detailing the events leading up to the final tumultuous days of South Vietnam.  South Vietnamese refugee comforted by red cross volunteers at a refugee camp set up at Elgin Air Force Base Florida, May 1975. Bryan Grigsby Collection |
“April 30th, 1975: The Fall of Saigon” Online Exhibit
Follow the Vietnam Center & Archive:
website: www.vietnam.ttu.edu
facebook: www.facebook.com/vietnamTTU
news & updates: www.vietnam.ttu.edu/news
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Westminster Community Center, 8200 Westminster Blvd., Westminster, CA 92683.
Seeing those pictures triggered such an emotional feeling.
There were quite a few pictures that showed that tough time those of us had to endure to enjoy the freedom we have now.
Below are the links:
http://www.vnbp.org/
http://www.vnbp.org/vietnamese/camps/index.htm
Captured: A Look Back at the Vietnam War on the 35th Anniversary of the Fall of Saigon
Posted Apr 30, 2010
http://blogs.denverpost.com/captured/2010/04/30/captured-a-look-back-at-the-vietnam-war-on-the-35th-anniversary-of-the-fall-of-saigon-2/
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Editor’s Warning: The following photo collection contains some graphic violence and depictions of dead bodies.
(AP) Today, April 30th, marks the 35th Anniversary of the fall of Saigon, when communist North Vietnamese forces drove tanks through the former U.S.-backed capital of South Vietnam, smashing through the Presidential Palace gates. The fall of Saigon marked the official end of the Vietnam War and the decadelong U.S. campaign against communism in Southeast Asia. The conflict claimed some 58,000 American lives and an estimated 3 million Vietnamese.
The war left divisions that would take years to heal as many former South Vietnamese soldiers were sent to Communist re-education camps and hundreds of thousands of their relatives fled the country.
In Vietnam, today is called Liberation Day and the government staged a parade down the former Reunification Boulevard that featured tank replicas and goose-stepping soldiers in white uniforms. Some 50,000 party cadres, army veterans and laborers gathered for the spectacle, many carrying red and gold Vietnamese flags and portraits of Ho Chi Minh, the father of Vietnam’s revolution. In a reminder of how the Communist Party retains a strong grip on the flow of information despite the opening of the economy, foreign journalists were forbidden from conducting interviews along the parade route. The area was sealed off from ordinary citizens, apparently due to security concerns.
The photos below offer a look back at the Vietnam War from the escalation of U.S. involvement in the early 1960’s to the Fall of Saigon in 1975.
1
A South Vietnamese soldier holds a cocked pistol as he questions two suspected Viet Cong guerrillas captured in a weed-filled marsh in the southern delta region late in August 1962. The prisoners were searched, bound and questioned before being marched off to join other detainees. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
2
A U.S. crewman runs from a crashed CH-21 Shawnee troop helicopter near the village of Ca Mau in the southern tip of South Vietnam, Dec. 11, 1962. Two helicopters crashed without serious injuries during a government raid on the Viet Cong-infiltrated area. Both helicopters were destroyed to keep them out of enemy hands. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
3
3A Helmeted U.S. Helicopter Crewchief, holding carbine, watches ground movements of Vietnamese troops from above during a strike against Viet Cong Guerrillas in the Mekong Delta Area, January 2, 1963. The communist Viet Cong claimed victory in the continuing struggle in Vietnam after they shot down five U.S. helicopters. An American officer was killed and three other American servicemen were injured in the action. (AP Photo)
4
Caskets containing the bodies of seven American helicopter crewmen killed in a crash on January 11, 1963 were loaded aboard a plane on Monday, Jan. 14 for shipment home. The crewmen were on board a H21 helicopter that crashed near a hut on an Island in the middle of one of the branches of the Mekong River, about 55 miles Southwest of Saigon. (AP Photo)
5
Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk, burns himself to death on a Saigon street on June 11, 1963, to protest alleged persecution of Buddhists by the South Vietnamese government. (AP Photo/Malcolm Browne, File)
6
Flying at dawn, just over the jungle foliage, U.S. C-123 aircraft spray concentrated defoliant along power lines running between Saigon and Dalat in South Vietnam, early in August 1963. The planes were flying about 130 miles per hour over steep, hilly terrain, much of it believed infiltrated by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
7
A South Vietnamese Marine, severely wounded in a Viet Cong ambush, is comforted by a comrade in a sugar cane field at Duc Hoa, about 12 miles from Saigon, Aug. 5, 1963. A platoon of 30 Vietnamese Marines was searching for communist guerrillas when a long burst of automatic fire killed one Marine and wounded four others. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
8
A father holds the body of his child as South Vietnamese Army Rangers look down from their armored vehicle March 19, 1964. The child was killed as government forces pursued guerrillas into a village near the Cambodian border. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
9
General William Westmoreland talks with troops of first battalion, 16th regiment of 2nd brigade of U.S. First Division at their positions near Bien Hoa in Vietnam, 1965. (AP Photo)
10
The sun breaks through the dense jungle foliage around the embattled town of Binh Gia, 40 miles east of Saigon, in early January 1965, as South Vietnamese troops, joined by U.S. advisors, rest after a cold, damp and tense night of waiting in an ambush position for a Viet Cong attack that didn't come. One hour later, as the possibility of an overnight attack by the Viet Cong diasappeared, the troops moved out for another long, hot day hunting the elusive communist guerrillas in the jungles. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
11
Hovering U.S. Army helicopters pour machine gun fire into a tree line to cover the advance of South Vietnamese ground troops in an attack on a Viet Cong camp 18 miles north of Tay Ninh, northwest of Saigon near the Cambodian border, in Vietnam in March of 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File)
12
Injured Vietnamese receive aid as they lie on the street after a bomb explosion outside the U.S. Embassy in Saigon, Vietnam, March 30, 1965. Smoke rises from wreckage in the background. At least two Americans and several Vietnamese were killed in the bombing. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
13
Capt. Donald R. Brown of Annapolis, Md., advisor to the 2nd Battalion of the 46th Vietnamese regiment, dashes from his helicopter to the cover of a rice paddy dike during an attack on Viet Cong in an area 15 miles west of Saigon on April 4, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Brown's counterpart, Capt. Di, commander of the unit, rushes away in background with his radioman. The Vietnamese suffered 12 casualties before the field was taken. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
14
U.S. soldiers are on the search for Viet Cong hideouts in a swampy jungle creek bed, June 6, 1965, at Chutes de Trian, some 40 miles northeast of Saigon, South Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
15
The strain of battle for Dong Xoai is shown on the face of U.S. Army Sgt. Philip Fink, an advisor to the 52nd Vietnamese Ranger battalion, shown June 12, 1965. The unit bore the brunt of recapturing the jungle outpost from the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Steve Stibbens)
16
An unidentified U.S. Army soldier wears a hand lettered "War Is Hell" slogan on his helmet, in Vietnam on June 18, 1965. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File)
17
South Vietnamese supply trucks take a detour around a destroyed bridge en route to Pleiku on Route 19, July 18, 1965. The original bridge, and a temporary bridge placed on top of it, were both destroyed by the Viet Cong. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams)
18
Wounded marines lie about the floor of a H34 helicopter, August 19, 1965 as they were evacuated from the battle area on Van Tuong peninsula. (AP Photo)
19
The Associated Press photographer Huynh Thanh My covers a Vietnamese battalion pinned down in a Mekong Delta rice paddy about a month before he was killed in combat on Oct. 10, 1965. (AP PHOTO)
20
Elements of the U.S. First Cavalry Air Mobile division in a landing craft approach the beach at Qui Nhon, 260 miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam, in Sept. 1965. Advance units of 20,000 new troops are being launched for a strike on the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo)
21
Paratroopers of the U.S. 2nd Battalion, 173rd Airborne Brigade hold their automatic weapons above water as they cross a river in the rain during a search for Viet Cong positions in the jungle area of Ben Cat, South Vietnam, Sept. 25,1965. The paratroopers had been searching the area for 12 days with no enemy contact. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
22
Wounded U.S. paratroopers are helped by fellow soldiers to a medical evacuation helicopter on Oct. 5, 1965 during the Vietnam War. Paratroopers of the 173rd Airborne Brigade's First Battalion suffered many casualties in the clash with Viet Cong guerrillas in the jungle of South Vietnam's "D" Zone, 25 miles Northeast of Saigon. (AP Photo)
23
College students carrying pro-American signs heckle anti-war student demonstrators protesting U.S. involvement in Vietnam at the Boston Common in Boston, Ma., Oct. 16, 1965. (AP Photo)
24
A U.S. B-52 stratofortress drops a load of 750-pounds bombs over a Vietnam coastal area during the Vietnam War, Nov. 5, 1965. (AP Photo/USAF)
25
Chaplain John McNamara of Boston makes the sign of the cross as he administers the last rites to photographer Dickey Chapelle in South Vietnam Nov. 4, 1965. Chapelle was covering a U.S. Marine unit on a combat operation near Chu Lai for the National Observer when she was seriously wounded, along with four Marines, by an exploding mine. She died in a helicopter en route to a hospital. She became the first female war correspondent to be killed in Vietnam, as well as the first American female reporter to be killed in action. Her body was repatriated with an honor guard consisting of six Marines and she was given full Marine burial. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
26
Berkeley-Oakland City, Calif. demonstraters march against the war in Vietnam, December 1965. Calif. (AP Photo)
27
A napalm strike erupts in a fireball near U.S. troops on patrol in South Vietnam, 1966 during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo)
28
A U.S. paratrooper moves away after setting fire to house on bank of the Vaico Oriental River, 20 miles west of Saigon on Jan. 4, 1966, during a "scorched earth" operation against the Viet Cong in South Viet Nam. The 1st battalion of the 173rd airborne brigade was moving through the area, described as notorious Viet Cong territory. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett)
29
Women and children crouch in a muddy canal as they take cover from intense Viet Cong fire at Bao Trai in Jan. of 1966, about 20 miles west of Saigon, Vietnam. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File)
30
U.S. Army helicopters providing support for U.S. ground troops fly into a staging area fifty miles northeast of Saigon, Vietnam in January of 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File)
31
First Cavalry Division Medic Thomas Cole, from Richmond, Va., looks up with his one uncovered eye as he continues to treat a wounded Staff Sgt. Harrison Pell during a January 1966 firefight in the Central Highlands between U.S. troops and a combined North Vietnamese and Vietcong force. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
32
Weary after a third night of fighting against North Vietnamese troops, U.S. Marines crawl from foxholes located south of the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Vietnam, 1966. The helicopter at left was shot down when it came in to resupply the unit. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
33
Water-filled bomb craters from B-52 strikes against the Viet Cong mark the rice paddies and orchards west of Saigon, Vietnam, 1966. Most of the area had been abandoned by the peasants who used to farm on the land. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
34
In a sudden monsoon rain, part of a company of about 130 South Vietnamese regional soldiers moves downriver in sampans during a dawn attack against a Viet Cong camp in the flooded Mekong Delta, about 13 miles northeast of Cantho, on Jan. 10, 1966. A handful of guerrillas were reported killed or wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
35
Pfc. Lacey Skinner of Birmingham, Ala., crawls through the mud of a rice paddy in January of 1966, avoiding heavy Viet Cong fire near An Thi in South Vietnam, as troops of the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division fight a fierce 24-hour battle along the central coast. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
36
President Lyndon Johnson speaks during a televised address from the White House, Jan. 31, 1966, announcing the resumption of bombing of targets in North Vietnam. The president, who was photographed from a television screen at the New York studios of NBC-TV, said he was requesting Amb. Arthur Goldberg to call for an immediate meeting of the U.N. Security Council. (AP Photo/Marty Lederhandler)
37
U.S. troops carry the body of a fellow soldier across a rice paddy for helicopter evacuation near Bong Son in early February 1966. The soldier, a member of the 1st Air Cavalry Division, was killed during Operation Masher on South Vietnam's central coast. (AP Photo/Rick Merron)
38
A helicopter lifts a wounded American soldier on a stretcher during Operation Silver City in Vietnam, March 13, 1966. (AP Photo)
39
Seen here are pickets demonstrating against the Vietnam War as they march through downtown Philadelphia, Pa, March, 26 1966. (AP Photo/Bill Ingraham)
40
Soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division carry a wounded buddy through the jungle in May 1966. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
41
A helicopter hovers over the field, ready to load personnel and equipment during Operation Masher in the Vietnam War, May 7, 1966. (AP Photo)
42
A young paratrooper with a mud-smeared face stares into the jungle in Vietnam on July 14, 1966, after fire fight with Viet Cong patrol in the morning. He is a member of C company, 2nd battalion, 173rd airborne brigade. (AP Photo/John Nance)
43
A U.S. Marine CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter comes down in flames after being hit by enemy ground fire during Operation Hastings, just south of the Demilitarized Zone between North and South Vietnam, July 15, 1966. The helicopter crashed and exploded on a hill, killing one crewman and 12 Marines. Three crewman escaped with serious burns. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
44
Pinned down by Viet Cong machine gun fire, a U.S. medic looks over at a seriuosly wounded comrade as they huddle behind a dike in a rice paddy, near Phu Loi, South Vietnam, August 14, 1966. (AP Photo)
45
A U.S. infantryman from A Company, 1st Battalion, 16th Infantry carries a crying child from Cam Xe village after dropping a phosphorous grenade into a bunker cleared of civilians during an operation near the Michelin rubber plantation northwest of Saigon, August 22, 1966. A platoon of the 1st Infantry Division raided the village, looking for snipers that had inflicted casualties on the platoon. GIs rushed about 40 civilians out of the village before artillery bombardment ensued. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
46
An American F-105 warplane is shot down and the pilot ejects and opens his parachute in this photo taken by North Vietnamese photograper Mai Nam on September 1966 near Vinh Phuc, north of Hanoi. This photo is one of the most recognized images taken by a North Vietnamese photographer during the war. The pilot of the aircraft was taken hostage and held in a Hanoi prison from 1966 to 1973. (AP Photo/Pioneer Newspaper/Mai Nam)
47
Paratroopers of the 173rd U.S. airborne brigade make their way across the Song Be River in South Vietnam en route to the jungle on the North Bank and into operation Sioux City in the D Zone on Oct. 4, 1966. Troopers and equipment were flown in by helicopter to the central highlands area, but the choppers couldn't land in the D zone jungles. The operation began late in the week of September 25. (AP Photo)
48
U.S. President Lydon B. Johnson reviews troops assembled in honor of his visit to the U.S. base at Cam Ranh Bay in South Vietnam on Oct. 26, 1966 during the war. Beside the President is Gen. William Westmoreland, Commander of the U.S. Military forces in Vietnam. (AP Photo)
49
Empty artillery cartridges pile up at the artillery base at Soui Da, some 60 miles northwest of Saigon, at the southern edge of War Zone C, on March 8, 1967. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
50
Three American marines sleep atop ammunition boxes during a pause in the fighting at Gio Linh on April 2, 1967, just south of the demilitarized zone in Vietnam. (AP Photo)
51
A wounded U.S. soldier of the 1st Infantry Division, 26th Infantry Regiment, 1st Battalion, receives first aid after being rescued from a jungle battlefield south of the Cambodian border in Vietnam's war zone C, April 2, 1967. A reconnaissance platoon ran into enemy bunkers, and their recuers were pinned down for four hours in fighting that left 7 U.S. dead and 42 wounded. (AP Photo)
52
Anti-Vietnam war demonstrators fill Fulton Street in San Francisco on April 15, 1967. The five-mile march through the city would end with a peace rally at Kezar Stadium. In the background is San Francisco City Hall. (AP Photo)
53
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., leads a crowd of 125,000 Vietnam War protesters in front of the United Nations in New York on April 15, 1967, as he voices a repeated demand to "Stop the bombing." (AP Photo)
54
A U.S. Marine sergeant points directions to a group of newly arrived replacement soldiers atop embattled Hill 881, below the demilitarized zone near the Laotian border, South Vietnam, in May 1967. The men were flown in by helicopter to enforce U.S. Marine lines badly weakened by casualties after several days of fighting for the strategic hills. (AP Photo)
55
A wounded member of the 1st Plt. Company "C," 25th Infantry Division, is helped to a waiting UH-1D "Iroquois" helicopter in Vietnam, May 10, 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo)
56
U.S. Marines of the 3rd Battallion, 4th Marines, crouch in the cover of a pagoda entrance as their patrol moves through a village along the Ben Hai river in the southern sector of the DMZ in South Vietnam, on May 22, 1967. The pagoda walls are richly decorated with images of dragons and snakes. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam)
57
American infantrymen crowd into a mud-filled bomb crater and look up at tall jungle trees seeking out Viet Cong snipers firing at them during a battle in Phuoc Vinh, north-Northeast of Saigon in Vietnam's War Zone D on June 15, 1967. (AP Photo/Henri Huet, File)
58
Medic James E. Callahan of Pittsfield, Mass., gives mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to a dying soldier in war zone D, about 50 miles northeast of Saigon, June 17, 1967. Thirty-one men of the 1st Infantry Division were reported killed in the guerrilla ambush, with more than 100 wounded. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
59
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara (second from left), and Gen Earle Wheeler, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, huddle in one corner while Ellsworth Bunker, U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam (second from right), and Gen. William C. Westmoreland, right, commander of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, go over a report at the beginning of briefings for the secretary at U.S. Army Headquarters on Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Friday, July 6, 1967 in Saigon. (AP Photo/Cung)
60
Defense Secretary McNamara and Gen. William Westmoreland, commander U.S. Forces in Vietnam, sit with muffler type radio earphones as they ride in helicopter toward the DMZ on McNamara's first field trip during his current visit to Vietnam, July 10, 1967. (AP Photo)
61
Vietnamese Navy boats laden with Vietnamese Army infantrymen swing along the Bien Tre river to launch a search mission some 50 miles south of Saigon in the Meking Delta's Kien Hoa province, July 11, 1967. Viet cong guerrillas fired on the flotlla from the brushy shoreline, but no major contact was made. (AP Photo)
62
William Morgan Hardman is interrogated by North Vietnamese military authorities in front of Hoan Kien Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam on Aug. 24, 1967. Hardman, a U.S. pilot, was captured after his plane was shot down. (AP Photo)
63
This general view shows a direct hit with North Vietnam 122 mm shell explosion in a U.S. ammunition bunker of 175 mm cannon emplacements at Gio Linh, next to demilitarization zone between north and south Vietnam, Sept. 1967, during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo)
64
The address is muddy bunker and the mailman wears a flak vest as CPL. Jesse D. Hittson of Levelland, Texas, reaches out for his mail at the U.S. Marine Con Thien outpost two miles south of the demilitarized zone in South Vietnam on Oct. 4, 1967. (AP Photo/Kim Ki Sam)
65
Anti-war demonstrators gather opposite the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., Oct. 21, 1967. In the background is the Reflecting Pool, the base of the Washington Monument, and barely visible through the haze is the Capitol Building. (AP Photo)
66
Part of a crowd of pro-Vietnam War demonstrators hold up signs and American flags in support of U.S. policy in Vietnam in Wakefield, Mass., on Oct. 29, 1967. The demonstration was organized by 19-year-old Paul P. Christopher, a Wakefield high school senior who became "burned up" by anti-Vietnam War demonstrators. (AP Photo/J. Walter Green)
67
Local members of the "Hell's Angels" motorcycle club form a human pyramid to wave flag and lead cheers at rally supporting American men fighting in Vietnam. A crowd estimated by police at near 25,000 turned out for the rally held this on October 29, 1967 on Wakefield, Massachusetts, common. (AP Photo/J Walter Green)
68
U.S. troops move toward the crest of Hill 875 at Dak To in November, 1967 after 21 days of fighting, during which at least 285 Americans were believed killed. The hill in the central highlands, of little apparent strategic value to the North Vietnamese, was nevertheless the focus of intense fighting and heavy losses to both sides. (AP Photo)
69
General views of the destroyed montagnards of Dak son new life Hamlet, December 7, 1967 in Vietnam. Vietcong killed 114 of the villagers and wounded 47. (AP Photo)
70
More than 12,000 U.S. Marines crowd into an outdoor amphitheater to watch comedian Bob Hope and Phil Crosby open Hope's USO Christmas Show tour at Da Nang, Vietnam, with Raquel Welch and singer Barbara McNair, left, Dec. 19, 1967. Crosby, wearing a wig, carries a "Make Love Not War" sign. (AP Photo)
71
U.S. Marines pass a Catholic church as they patrol near Danang, Vietnam, during the Vietnam War in 1968. (AP Photo)
72
Two U.S. military policemen aid a wounded fellow MP during fighting in the U.S. Embassy compound in Saigon, Jan. 31, 1968, at the beginning of the Tet Offensive. A Viet Cong suicide squad seized control of part of the compound and held it for about six hours before they were killed or captured. (AP Photo/Hong Seong-Chan)
73
South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of the national police, fires his pistol into the head of suspected Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem, also known as Bay Lop, on a Saigon street, early in the Tet Offensive on Feb. 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Eddie Adams)
74
President Johnson prepares to open a news conference February 2, 1968 in the White House Cabinet room. He told reporters that the military phases of the Communist offensives in Vietnam had failed. (AP Photo)
75
A large section of rubble is all that remained in this one block square area of Saigon on Feb. 5, 1968, after fierce Tet Offensive fighting. Rockets and grenades, combined with fires, laid waste to the area. An Quang Pagoda, location of Viet Cong headquarters during the fighting, is at the top of the photo. (AP Photo/Johner)
76
First Lt. Gary D. Jackson of Dayton, Ohio, carries a wounded South Vietnamese Ranger to an ambulance Feb. 6, 1968 after a brief but intense battle with the Viet Cong during the Tet Offensive near the National Sports Stadium in the Cholon section of Saigon. (AP Photo/Dang Van Phuoc)
77
A U.S. Marine shows a message written on the back of his flack vest at the Khe Sanh combat base in Vietnam on Feb. 21, 1968 during the Vietnam War. The quote reads, "Caution: Being a Marine in Khe Sanh may be hazardous to your health." Khe Sanh had been subject to increased rocket and artillery attacks from the North Vietnamese troops in the area. (AP Photo/Rick Merron)
78
American soldiers take shelter in a sandbagged bunker as North Vietnamese rockets hit the U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh on Feb. 24, 1968. (AP Photo/Rick Merron)
79
An American C-123 cargo plane burns after being hit by communist mortars while taxiing on the Marine post at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam on March 1, 1968. (AP Photo/Peter Arnett)
80
U.S. Air Force bombs create a curtain of flying shrapnel and debris barely 200 feet beyond the perimeter of South Vietnamese ranger positions defending Khe Sanh during the siege of the U.S. Marine base, March 1968. The photographer, a South Vietnamese officer, was badly injured when bombs fell even closer on a subsequent pass by U.S. planes. (AP Photo/ARVN, Maj. Nguyen Ngoc Hanh)
81
Riverine assault boats, Operation of the Riverine Force of the U.S. 9th Division, glide along the My Tho River, an arm of the Mekong Delta near Dong Tam, 35 miles southwest of Saigon, Vietnam, March 15, 1968. (AP Photo)
82
Bodies lay in the road leading from the village of My Lai, South Vietnam, following the massacre of civilians on March 16,1968. Within four hours, 504 men, women and children were killed in the My Lai hamlets in one of the U.S. military's blackest days. (AP photo/FILE/Ronald L. Haeberle, Life Magazine)
83
Police struggle with anti Vietnam War demonstrators outside the Embassy of the United States in Grosvenor Square, London, Mar. 17, 1968. (AP Photo)
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View of the Anti-Vietnam war demonstration held in Trafalgar Square, London, on March 17,1968. (AP Photo)
85
U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson addresses the nation in a radio and television broadcast from his desk at the White House in Washington, D.C., on March 31, 1968. In his speech the president talked about plans to de-escalate the war in North Vietnam and his plans not to run for re-election. (AP Photo)
86
As fellow troopers aid wounded buddies, a paratrooper of A Company, 101st Airborne, guides a medical evacuation helicopter through the jungle foliage to pick up casualties during a five-day patrol of Hue, South Vietnam, in April, 1968. (AP Photo/Art Greenspon)
87
Pfc. Juan Fordona of Puerto Rico, a First Cavalry Division trooper, shakes hands with U.S. Marine Cpl. James Hellebuick over barbed wire at the perimeter of the Marine base at Khe Sanh, South Vietnam, early April 1968. The meeting marked the first overland link-up between troops of the 1st Cavalry and the encircled Marine garrison at Khe Sanh. (AP Photo/Holloway)
88
Air Cavalry troops taking part in Operation Pegasus are shown walking around and watching bombing on a far hill line on April 14, 1968 at Special Forces Camp at Lang Vei in Vietnam. (AP Photo/Richard Merron)
89
Anti-Vietnam war protesters march down Fifth Avenue near to 81st Street in New York City on April 27, 1968, in protest of the U.S. involvement in the Vietnamese war. The demonstrators were en route to nearby Central Park for mass "Stop the war" rally. (AP Photo)
90
Smoke rises from the southwestern part of Saigon on May 7, 1968 as residents stream across a bridge leaving the capital to escape heavy fighting between the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese soldiers. (AP Photo)
91
This is a general view of the first meeting between the United States delegation, left, and North Vietnam delegation on the Vietnam peace talks at the international conference hall in Paris, May 13, 1968. (AP Photo)
92
A supply helicopter comes in for a landing on a hilltop forming part of Fire Support Base 29, west of Dak To in South Vietnam's central highlands on June 3, 1968. Around the fire base are burnt out trees caused by heavy air strikes from fighting between North Vietnamese and American troops. (AP Photo)
93
A helicopter full of Marines heading out on patrol lifts off the airstrip at the Khe Sanh combat base on June 27, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo)
94
U.S. 25th Infantry division troops check the entrance to a Vietcong tunnel complex they discovered on a sweep northwest of their division headquarters at Cu Chi on Sept. 7, 1968 in Vietnam. (AP Photo)
95
A South Vietnamese woman mourns over the body of her husband, found with 47 others in a mass grave near Hue, Vietnam in April of 1969. (AP Photo/Horst Faas, File)
96
At a hilltop firebase west of Chu Lai in Vietnam, a huge army "Chinook" helicopter prepares to lift a conked-out smaller one to a base for repairs, April 27, 1969. The firebase was named LZ West and was manned by the troopers of the 196th Light Infantry Brigade forming part of the American Division. The smaller helicopter - a Huey UH-ID - had developed engine trouble so its crew chief called in the local aerial towing service. One sturdy nylon strap to the chopper's winch and the two were off. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan)
97
A small boy holds his younger brother and looks at the remains of what was once his village, Tha Son, South Vietnam, 45 miles Northwest of Saigon, Vietnam on June 15, 1969. He and his family fled the village when Viet Cong troops infiltrated. Counter-attacking allied troops used artillery and bombs to push the Viet Cong out. The allies had told the people to leave their homes before the barrage began. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan)
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A medic lights a cigarette for Spec/5 Gary Davies of Scranton, Pa., awaiting evacuation by helicopter from Ben Het in South Vietnam where he was wounded, June 27, 1969. (AP Photo/Oliver Noonan)
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Banners of appreciation from the Vietnamese decorate the dock at Danang where a farewell ceremony was held by the Vietnamese Government for departing Marines of the 1st Battalion/9th Regiment, July 14, 1969. (AP Photo)
100
Some of the 300 troops of the 9th Infantry Division scheduled for departure from South Vietnam line up to board aircraft bound for Hawaii, August 27, 1969. (AP Photo)
101
Supporters of the Vietnam moratorium lie in the Sheep Meadow of New York's Central Park Nov. 14, 1969 as hundreds of black and white balloons float skyward. A spokesman for the moratorium committee said the black balloons represented Americans who died in Vietnam under the Nixon administration, and the white balloons symbolized the number of Americans who would die if the war continued. (AP Photo/J. Spencer Jones)
102
Vietnamese soldiers of the 21st Recon Company rush to board waiting Huey choppers in the rice paddies near their forward command post in South Vietnam on Nov. 14, 1969. The men are to be transported into the interior of the U-Minh forest, the large marshy and swamp and forest area at the southern tip of Vietnam, long considered to be a VC strong-hold. For the previous month, an all Vietnamese operation called "Operation u-minh" had been attempting to drive the VC and NVA regulars from the area. It was the second such operation within the year. (AP Photo/Godfrey)
103
Demonstrators show their sign of protest as ROTC cadets parade at Ohio State University in May of 1970 during a ceremony in Columbus, Ohio during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo)
104
Mary Ann Vecchio gestures and screams as she kneels by the body of a student lying face down on the campus of Kent State University, Kent, Ohio on May 4, 1970. National Guardsmen had fired into a crowd of demonstrators, killing four. (AP Photo/John Filo)
105
Photographer Larry Burrows, far left, struggles through elephant grass and the rotorwash of an American evacuation helicopter as he helps GIs to carry a wounded buddy on a stretcher from the jungle to the helicopter in Mimot, Cambodia, May 4, 1970. The evacuation was during the U.S. incursion into Cambodia during the Vietnam War. (AP Photo/Henri Huet)
106
American flag-bearing construction workers, angered by Mayor John Lindsay's apparent anti-war sympathies, lead hundreds of New York City workers supporting U.S. war policy in Vietnam in a demonstration inside a barricaded area near Wall Street in lower Manhattan, May 12, 1970. More than 1,000 police were on the scene to prevent possible clashes with anti-war student demonstrators, who were among office workers along the barricades. (AP Photo)
107
With a helmet declaring "Peace," a soldier of the 1st Cavarly Division, 12th Cavalry, 2nd Battalion, relaxes June 24, 1970, before pulling out of Fire Support Base Speer, six miles inside the Cambodian border. The troops were returning to South Vietnam after operations against enemy sanctuaries in Cambodia. (AP Photo)
108
Vietnam veterans opposed to the war assemble on the steps of the Capitol in Washington, April 19, 1971, to protest the U.S. action in Indochina. Addressing the crowd is Rep. Bella Abzug (D-NY), wearing hat. (AP Photo)
109
John Kerry, 27-year-old former navy lieutenant who heads the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), receives support from a gallery of peace demonstrators and tourists as he testifies before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in Washington, D.C., April 22, 1971. (AP Photo/Henry Griffin)
110
South Vietnamese troops move out on patrol from Firebase Fuller, a hilltop position four miles south of the demilitarized zone, Vietnam on July 20, 1971. (AP Photo/Jacques Tonnaire)
111
A South Vietnamese Marine carries the dead body of a comrade killed on Route 1, about seven miles south of Quang Tri Sunday, April 30, 1972. Marines were fighting to reopen the road in order to break the North Vietnamese siege of the provincial capital. (AP Photo/Koichiro Morita)
112
South Vietnamese forces follow after terrified children, including 9-year-old Kim Phuc, center, as they run down Route 1 near Trang Bang after an aerial napalm attack on suspected Viet Cong hiding places on June 8, 1972. A South Vietnamese plane accidentally dropped its flaming napalm on South Vietnamese troops and civilians. The terrified girl had ripped off her burning clothes while fleeing. The children from left to right are: Phan Thanh Tam, younger brother of Kim Phuc, who lost an eye, Phan Thanh Phouc, youngest brother of Kim Phuc, Kim Phuc, and Kim's cousins Ho Van Bon, and Ho Thi Ting. Behind them are soldiers of the Vietnam Army 25th Division. (AP Photo/Nick Ut)
113
South Vietnamese parents, with their five children, ride along Highway 13, fleeing southwards from An Loc toward Saigon on June 19, 1972. (AP Photo/Nick Ut)
114
Lightly-wounded civilians and troops attempt to push their way aboard a South Vietnamese evacuation helicopter hovering over a stretch of Highway 13 near An Loc in Vietnam on June 25, 1972. (AP Photo)
115
A line of South Vietnamese troops move along a devastated street in Quang Tri City as the battle continues for the provincial capital on July 28, 1972. Government forces were the midst of a campaign to retake the northern South Vietnamese city which was captured by enemy forces two months earlier. (AP Photo)
116
Then presidential adviser Dr. Henry Kissinger tells a White House news conference that "peace is at hand in Vietnam" on Oct. 26, 1972. (AP Photo)
117
Police in Da Nang cover the eyes of a woman who was an alleged member of a Viet Cong terrorist unit on Oct. 26, 1972. The woman was captured carrying 15 hand grenades, during the previous night's battle in Da Nang. (AP Photo)
118
The flag comes down at the U.S. Army base at Long Binn, 12 miles Northeast of Saigon, as the base is turned over to the South Vietnamese Army, Nov. 11, 1972. It was at one time the largest American base in Vietnam with a peak of 60,000 personnel in 1969. (AP Photo)
119
Unaware of incoming enemy round, a South Vietnamese photographer made this picture of a South Vietnamese trooper dug in at Hai Van, South of Hue, Nov. 20, 1972. The camera caught the subsequent explosion before the soldier had time to react. The incident occurred during one of many continuing small scale fire fights in South Vietnam, despite talk of a forthcoming ceasefire. (AP Photo)
120
President Nixon confers with Henry A. Kissinger in New York on Nov. 25, 1972, after the presidential adviser returned from a week of secret negotiations in Paris with North Vietnam's Le Duc Tho. Documents released Tuesday, Dec. 2, 2008, from the Nixon years shed new light on just how much the Nixon White House struggled with growing public unrest over the protracted war in Vietnam. (AP Photo)
121
An American POW talks though a barred doorport to fellow POWs at a detention camp in Hanoi in 1973. (AP Photo)
122
The four delegations sit at the table during the first signing ceremony of the agreement to end the Vietnam War at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, Jan. 27, 1973. Clockwise, from foreground, delegations of the Unites States, the Provisonal Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. (AP Photo)
123
John S. McCain III is escorted by Lt. Cmdr. Jay Coupe Jr., public relations officer, March 14, 1973, to Hanoi's Gia Lam Airport after the POW was released. (AP Photo/Horst Faas)
124
Released prisoner of war Lt. Col. Robert L. Stirm is greeted by his family at Travis Air Force Base in Fairfield, Calif., as he returns home from the Vietnam War, March 17, 1973. In the lead is Stirm's daughter Lorrie, 15, followed by son Robert, 14; daughter Cynthia, 11; wife Loretta and son Roger, 12. (AP Photo/Sal Veder)
125
An iron door opens on a compound of the "Hanoi Hilton" prison, where the French once locked up political prisoners, shown March 18, 1973. When 33 Americans were freed from it days earlier, all the cells were empty for the first time in more than eight years. Journalists were allowed to visit the prison, located in downtown Hanoi days after it was emptied. (AP Photo/Horst Fass)
126
A South Vietnamese soldier rests his eyes at a lonely outpost northeast of Kontum, 270 miles north of Saigon, March 25, 1974. The hill overlooks a vital North Vietnamese supply road and is located rear the scene of some of the bloodiest fighting in South Vietnam since the cease fire. The soldiers on the hill say the enemy is "all around them." (AP Photo/Nick Ut)
127
Mrs. Evelyn Grubb, of Colonial Heights, Va., left, follows her husband Wilmers coffin at Arlington National Cemetery, Thursday, April 4, 1974, Washington, D.C. Col. Grubb's name was released by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as one of the prisoners of war who died in captivity. Mrs. Grubb holds the hands of two of her sons, Roy, 7, right, and Stephen, 10. The rest of the group is unidentified. (AP Photo/Henry Burroughs)
128
Riot police block path of hundreds of anti-government demonstrators who sought to parade from suburban Saigon to the city center on Thursday, Oct. 31, 1974. (AP Photo)
129
A woman villager holding a small rock yells at a South Vietnamese military policeman on Feb. 10, 1975 during a confrontation near Hoa Hao in the Western Mekong Delta in Vietnam. Villagers had erected barricades along the highway to protest a government order disbanding the private army of a Buddhist sect in the area. (AP Photo)
130
South Vietnamese troops fill every available space on a ship evacuating them from Thuan An beach, near Hue, to Da Nang as Communist troops advanced in March, 1975. (AP Photo/Cung)
131
A refugee clutches her baby as a government helicopter gunship carries them away near Tuy Hoa, 235 miles northeast of Saigon on March 22, 1975. They were among thousands fleeing from Communist advances. (AP Photo/ Nick Ut)
132
Hundreds of vehicles of all sorts fill an empty area as the refugees fleeing in the vehicles pause near Tuy Hoa in the central coastal region of South Vietnam, Saturday, March 23, 1975 following the evacuation of Banmethuout and other population centers in the highlands to the west. (AP Photo/Ut)
133
Jubilation as a C-141 takes off from Hanoi on March 28, 1973 heading home. (GNS Photo by Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense)
134
A South Vietnamese father carries his son and a bag of household possessions as he leaves his village near Trang Bom on Route 1 northwest of Saigon April 23, 1975. The area was becoming politically and militarily unstable as communist forces advanced, just days before the fall of Saigon. (AP Photo/KY Mhan)
135
South Vietnamese troopers and western TV newsmen run for cover as North Vietnamese mortar round explodes on Newport Bridge in the outskirts of Saigon on Monday, April 28, 1975. (AP Photo/Hoanh)
136
A joint session of South Vietnam's National Assembly votes on Sunday, April 28, 1975 to ask President Tran Van Huong to turn over his office to Gen. Duong Van Minh. The assembly made a move in the 11th hour to attempt to negotiate a settlement with the Communist forces. (AP Photo/Errington)
137
U.S. President Gerald Ford discusses the Vietnam evacuation of Americans by telephone with a senior aide while Mrs. Betty Ford looks on in the living quarters of the White House in a picture released by the White House, Tuesday, April 29, 1975 in Washington. (AP Photo)
138
Americans and Vietnamese run for a U.S. Marine helicopter in Saigon during the evacuation of the city, April 29, 1975. (AP Photo)
139
U.S. Navy personnel aboard the USS Blue Ridge push a helicopter into the sea off the coast of Vietnam in order to make room for more evacuation flights from Saigon, Tuesday, April 29, 1975. The helicopter had carried Vietnamese fleeing Saigon as North Vietnamese forces closed in on the capital. (AP Photo/jt)
140
A North Vietnamese tank rolls through the gate of the Presidential Palace in Saigon, April 30, 1975, signifying the fall of South Vietnam. (AP Photo)
141
Evacuees mount a staircase to board an American helicopter near the American Embasy in Saigon. (Hubert van Es/AFP/Getty Images)
